Peter Borschberg: Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese, and Free Trade in the East Indies
Description
In 1603, Dutch Admiral Jakob van Heemskerk plundered a Portuguese merchantman, the Santa Catarina, travelling from Macao to Melaka. The sale of the cargo at a public auction made traders across Northern Europe aware of the riches to be reaped from Asian trade. However, the episode raised legal questions and the United Dutch East India Company (VOC) commissioned the young Hugo Grotius to defend Heemskerk's actions. Grotius produced two classic legal texts, The Law of Price and Booty and its spin-off, The Free Sea, among the greatest works in the history of international legal and political thought. His observations dealt with free trade in the East Indies, the Dutch Republic's military conflict with the Portuguese and Spanish in Asia, and the legal and moral grounds for attacking and plundering Portuguese and Spanish mercantile shipping. This book considers the background to the treaties then content and significances, and what Grotius actually knew about Southeast Asian politics and Portuguese institutions of trade and diplomacy when he wrote them. Grotius' work on the freedom of the sea was a cornerstone in his enduring reputation as one of the founders of modern international law. The present book provides a valuable resource for historians of Southeast Asia and for students of international relations, political theory, maritime history and public law.
Learn how to self treat chronic lower back pain easily and safely with this fully illustrated, instructional, low impact, pain-safe, exercise guide long term. The majority of cases of chronic lower back pain are either directly related to, or worsened by specific muscle weaknesses and imbalances. This specifically designed guide carefully teaches the correct methods to move, train and strengthen your body to properly relieve back pain. It uses non-surgical, non-medicinal, and safe methods for all ages and difficulties. It will help with your current pain, to prevent the return of pain, and to reduce your dependency on medication and surgery. IMPORTANT NOTE: You will relieve your pain as you learn a series of short and effective exercises. The exercises will teach you how to treat and recondition several misunderstood and neglected areas of the lower back, hips and legs that can lead to lower back pain. The Low Back Pain Program demonstrates effective, very low-risk exercises, stretches and movements to treat and prevent: lower back pain, backache, back spasms and more, long term with a careful, concise, 'at home' guide. This book contains 45 important exercises, over 170 detailed illustrations, 3 treatment and conditioning levels, 1 maintenance level and 4 progress charts. The exercises condition and restore proper mobility and function for your lower back, hips, legs and pelvis, allowing painful areas time to heal and recover. The guide begins with 13 'Limited Mobility Exercises' to improve your flexibility and address your stiffness and tightness that contribute to and worsen lower back pain. 19 'Progressive Exercises' then, stimulate, develop and strengthen the muscles and joints necessary to protect the lower back from pain. 13 'Challenging Exercises' are then taught to reinforce, correct and re-educate the muscles and joints to move and operate functionally and effectively to prevent recurrence of lower back pain. Upon completion of these exercises, 11 simple 'Maintenance Exercises' selected can then be seamlessly used throughout your daily routine as needed to keep your muscles optimally conditioned to protect your lower back from imbalances and pain. These exercises are founded on the methods of exercise therapy, physiotherapy, and lower back pain and injury rehabilitation. They are intended for home use and can be performed at the users convenience and comfort level. A family doctor's consent is advised prior to starting this program. This guide provides those in pain, a much needed alternative to popular exercises and stretches that are recommended but still do not resolve the cause of the pain. This guide will benefit the user throughout their life as their physical needs change with age and lifestyle. If you are suffering from acute or chronic low back pain and are not sure how to resolve it, this Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese, and Free Trade in the East Indies download PDF exercise plan can help you. Many issues related to back pain are a result of muscular and joint imbalances that can be self-corrected through specific movements and exercises. Learn some of the major causes of lower back pain, book details and how to provide relief at home long term. For more information and some exercise examples, go to www.lowbackpainprogram.com. "A very comprehensive, practical and step by step guide. You've given me hope that relief is possible, and that I can heal. I feel ready to start the program now that I have this helpful guide." - C.N. Aurora "Excellent read!...the ideas here apply to several forms of chronic pain, in my case hip pain. Simple, easy to understand steps that have made a huge difference in pain management and improving quality of life - thank you." - R.S. Newmarket
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Author: Peter Borschberg
Number of Pages: 512 pages
Published Date: 30 Jun 2010
Publisher: Nus Press
Publication Country: Singapore, Singapore
Language: English
ISBN: 9789971694678
Download Link: Click Here
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